Sports. Packers- Cardinals divisional playoff game: Along the Lines. USA TODAY NETWORK- Wisconsin photojournalist Evan Siegle shares his favorite moments and photos from the Green Bay Packers' NFC divisional playoff game against the Arizona Cardinals at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Ariz. TSNDreger Report: Inside the Kopitar contract negotiation. It wasn't easy, but Anze Kopitar and the Los Angeles Kings finally reached agreement on a contract extension on Saturday that, incredibly, took seven months to complete, writes TSN Hockey Insider Darren Dreger. New Jersey Sports. Committed or not, Rutgers coach Chris Ash and staff will come for you. High School Sports scores, stats and more. Don't Miss: Sports mobile apps! . national and world sports. SUBSCRIBE NOW to get full. tonight's national championship game. what it means for the Divisional Playoff games. Operation Sports is dedicated to sports video games news, forums & reviews for games such as Madden, NBA 2K, FIFA. We're going to break down those.
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Official Toronto Blue Jays Website. MLB. com Ballpark app. The official MLB ballpark application perfectly complements and personalizes your trip with mobile check- in, social media, offers, rewards, player and team music, and exclusive content. Select MLB ballparks also offer a mobile food ordering component. Toronto Blue Jays vs Texas Rangers Live Stream, Game 5 Preview: Watch MLB Playoffs Baseball 2015 Online It is the fifth and deciding match between the two. ALCS Game 4 Streaming Info, Start Time. The Toronto Blue Jays can even their American League Championship Series against the Kansas City Royals on Tuesday, and fans can watch live online as two former New York Mets teammates duel on the mound in the crucial Game 4 in Toronto, a game that looks to be pivotal in deciding whether the defending AL champion Royals get another shot at a World Series title, or if the only big league team in Canada returns to the Fall Classic for the first time in 2. The ALCS now stands at 2- 1 in favor of the Royals, after Toronto’s bats finally came alive in Game 3, as the team that led Major League Baseball with an eye- popping 5. Rogers Center to be just the place to at last break out with one of their trademark offensive explosions — pasting Royals pitching for 1. But the Royals — the sixth- most productive offense in the AL with 4. Australian- born Toronto reliever Liam Hendriks for three runs and scoring another with a home run by Kendrys Morales to greet 2. Mexican rookie Roberto Osuna, before Osuna recorded the final two outs to nail down the much- needed victory.“We desperately needed that breakout,” Toronto Manager John Gibbons said in his postgame press conference.“You look at how the game finished up, those runs really came in handy. It wasn’t an easy game, even though we had a big lead.”To find out how to watch the Kansas City Royals vs. Toronto Blue Jays AL Championship Series Game 4 live online, see the streaming info in the final paragraph of this article. Start time for the crucial game is set for 4: 0. Eastern Time on Tuesday, October 2. Rogers Center in Toronto, Ontario, Canada — 1: 0. Pacific Time. R. A. Dickey of the Toronto Blue Jays (Photo by David Banks/Getty Images)Toronto starting pitcher R. A. Dickey and his Kansas City opponent, Chris Young, were teammates on the New York Mets in 2. Major League clubhouses — their mutual love of books. Young, an Ivy League product out of Princeton University, and Dickey, a published author, are two of the more cerebral personalities in baseball — but Game 4 will come down to each pitcher’s ability to read opposing hitters on Tuesday. Dickey, a 4. 0- year- old knuckleball specialist, relied on the climate- controlled conditions inside the domes Rogers Center to make his knuckler dance, recording a 3. ERA and. 6. 15 opponent OPS at home, compared to 4. Toronto Blue Jays knuckleballer R.A. Dickey’s ugly outing in Game 4 against Kansas City Royals tough to watch. TORONTO — The Toronto Argonauts are being forced out of their home stadium by baseball’s powerhouse Blue Jays. The CFL club will play its Oct. 6 home game against. October 20, 2015 Watch Kansas City Royals Vs. Toronto Blue Jays Live Online: ALCS Game 4 Streaming Info, Start Time. Gibbons was wise to save the righty for a home start. Young, 3. 6, strikes an imposing figure on the mound at 6’1. He has also managed to impose himself on Blue Jays batters, allowing just a. OPS to the Blue Jays’ top 1. Chris Young of the Kansas City Royals (Photo by Ed Zurga/Getty Images)Young has been especially effective in neutralizing Toronto MVP candidate Josh Donaldson, who has just one hit and no walks in 1. Can the Toronto Blue Jays put together another of their trademark offensive explosions to pull even in the best- of- seven ALCS? Or will the Kansas City Royals solve the knuckleball of R. A. Dickey and jump out to a commanding 3- 1 lead in the series? To find out, watch the Toronto Blue Jays vs. Kansas City Royals American League Championship Series Game 4 live online from Toronto, Ontario, by going to Fox Sports Go at this link, or downloading the Fox Sports Go app to watch on mobile devices. Fox Sports Go also streams live on the Amazon Fire TV device, allowing fans to watch the Blue Jays vs. Royals game live online on their TV sets.[Featured Photo By Harry How / Getty Images].
Vampire Wars (OAV) - Anime News Network. Have you seen this? Alternative title: Vampire Senzo (Japanese)ヴァンパイヤー戦争 (Japanese)Objectionable content: Intense. Plot Summary: The rural American west is the setting for this OVA, in which a bizarre and brutal attack on a NASA base in Arizona attracts the attention of a French secret service agent, Monsieur Lassar, when a dead CIA agent is found floating on the Seine in Paris. Lassar is convinced that these two events are related, and sets out to prove it. His investigation leads him to film star Lamia Vindaw and a vampire cult that may be far more vicious and dangerous than its eccentric exterior makes it seem. Let's train the vampire skills in this original puzzle game from FastGames and BeGamer. Click the symbols of the vampire skills and use them in the enviroment. - Free. Your goal is to populate all clouds and gain control of the skies. Click or drag to select one or more clouds. Click an enemy cloud to attack. Grab stars to upgrade. User Ratings: 1. 58 ratings have been given [details].  Masterpiece: 1 vote (sub: 1) Excellent: 4 votes (dub: 2, sub: 1, ?: 1) Very good: 6 votes (dub: 6) Good: 1.  Decent: 2. 1 votes (dub: 1. Spanish subtitled) So- so: 1.  Not really good: 1.  Weak: 2. 3 votes (dub: 1.  Bad: 2. 8 votes (dub: 2.  Awful: 1. 2 votes (dub: 1.  Worst ever: 1. 5 votes (dub: 1. Seen in part or in whole by 2. Median rating: Not really good. Arithmetic mean: 3. Not really good), std. Weighted mean: 3. Not really good), rank: #6. Bayesian estimate: 4. Not really good), rank: #4. Running time: 5. 0 minutes. Number of episodes: 1. Vintage: 1. 99. 02. USA, Sci Fi Channel - Ani- Monday)2. Canada - Super Channel)You can contribute information to this page, but first you must login or register. This encyclopedia is collaboratively edited by the users of this site. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAnime anthology. About Us | zwee - Cheap Electronics & Gadgets, Deals, Offers and Video Reviews. Zwee is a new way of shopping. Social shopping. Rather than list products for you to buy in the traditional e- commerce fashion, we have helped compile customer reviews, customer buying guides and customer sourced auctions/listings. This way you can make an informed, "peer approved" decision on your purchase while getting it at the lowest possible price. We at Zwee wish to grow the community. We not only provide buying guides, we hire our readers and members to write reviews of products they have already purchased and used. It's all about giving and getting help. Why not sign up, leave a product review and get involved?! Zwee is a new way of shopping. Social shopping. Rather than list products for you to buy in the traditional e-commerce fashion, we have helped compile. Video Game reviews, ratings, user reviews, and prices at CNET. Find the Video Game that is right for you. We are ready for the Holidays, Are you? Come visit your Bee Ridge Neighborhood Market for all your sweets and baking needs!Paul Reubens (born Paul Rubenfeld; August 27, 1952) [1] is an American actor, writer, film producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for his character Pee. Video Game Summer Camp 2013 in Sarasota. Learn how to design and create computer games. Ages 8-18. Phone: 9. View from the Top, Hot Tub, Wifi, Dish TV, Wii, 3Decks/1Screened, Mtn/Lake View Blue Ridge vacation Cabin Rental - 4.9 star rating. ENJOY FALL AND WINTER IN. Sarasota general for sale - by owner - craigslist. search titles only; has image; posted today; search nearby areas ' albany, GA (aby). Test.com is a software solution for you to easily create, administer and manage training courses and certification tests, in up to 22 languages. Amazon Toys: More Than Your Average Toy Store. Amazon's Toys & Games Store features thousands of products, including dolls, action figures, games and puzzles, hobbies. Rockstar Games Social Club. January 1. 3, 2. 01. PMPresenting the winning Snapmatics from both the Executives & Other Criminals and the Festive Surprise 2. Pampered moments on luxury Yachts, VIPs and Bodyguards act.. Gem. Craft chapter 0 | Strategy Games. Another Update. Changes in v. Fixed total number of victory amulets in the level selector info panel (5. Changed size and position of 'return to the map' and 'restart battle' buttons to avoid pressing them accidentally. Grammatical/typo fixes. On FunnyGames.co.id you can play more than 14.000 online games for free. Play your favorite game now on FunnyGames.co.id!GemCraft chapter 0, a free online Strategy game brought to you by Armor Games. Another Update. Changes in v. 1.2: Fixed total number of victory amulets in the level. Mana pool cost is limited to 9. Towers don't fire at invulnerable monsters anymore. Overall visuals further reduced (- > less lag with dozens of traps) if number of particles is set to zero in the options panel'Max XP earned' field added to the in- game score popup panel. Changes in v. 1. 1. Forge skillfixed: after finishing the game, Beyond corruption mode was instantly available for levels without playing them in Normal modefixed bonus XP for guardian amulets and Gem of Eternitylevel- up requirement fixed (had to be higher than the req xp, now it can be equal or higher to level up)possibly fixed the N key not always working issuereduced/faster trap beam vfx when the number of particles is 'none' or 'very low'experience shrines don't give score after monters in endurance mode anymorepossibly fixed the level- relocking issue when loading a saved game. Increasing range by combining high and low grade gems is back, with decreased gain. Increasing firing speed by combining high and low grade gems is back, with decreased gain and with these limits: grade 5 and below: 1. Adjustments to pure gem hues - now they should be more distinguishable. Fixed: sometimes levels remained locked after beating their prerequisite levels. Copy- paste load- save feature added, now you can transfer your game to your other computer, or make backups. Emergency saved games dump added in case the game generates any error while trying to save/load/auto- save. Added shortcut key: press Q to speed the game up to 3x / back to 1x. Fixed: selecting a monster when in gem creating mode made the game appear to be stuck in that mode. Impossible- to- get shrine burst amulets taken out. Increased bonuses for prismatic gems. Possibly fixed 'preloader gets stuck at 9. Possibly fixed 'gem special shrine freezes' bug. Removed the score color coding (yellow/cyan) at the in- game header, because it didn't make any sense. Fixed and tuned replenish skill modifiers. Fixed: number of targets per shot for splash gems in traps. Fixed: gem info panels said less pure/dual/prismatic bonuses than the actual values. Increased target acquiring range for bouncing shots. Amulets now show their xp values in their info panels. In the map, level info panels now show if you have found a lost amulet on them. Various text fixes. Various fixes to the last level: -Gem of Eternity blast doesn't give score anymore- wave angering more than 2. Levels show their ids, making it eaasier to refer to them when discussing strategies for example. Slightly increased splash radius for red gems.
I want to stay on Neopets, where the dangers of Meepit invasion are taken seriously. Moshi Monsters is a free, safe online game where you can adopt your own pet Monster and go on amazing adventures together. Play games and puzzles to earn Rox, level. Removed range and firing speed bonus when combining a high grade gem with a much lower grade gemchanges in v. Changes in v. 1. 0. Creating as much gems as possible with ctrl is back- Combining as much gems as possible with ctrl is back- Shift + keypress works (previously shift worked only when selecting spells with the mouse)- Towers always shoot at the closest monster to the wiztower, acquiring a new target before each shot (previously they selected their target by simply rolling through the list of monsters and stopping at the first monster found to be in range, then locked on to it until it was destroyed or run out of range)- Decreased difficulty for some of the levels- Disabled forcing the gem back to its initial position when dragged out of the screen. This introduced a bug, which is hopefully less annoying: if you release the gem outside the screen, the game will belive that you're still dragging it. Flash Player 9 and 1. If the folks at Adobe would fix it, the error will disappear from the game as well.)- Speed up button info panel text fixed. Unleash your magic powers and fight your way through the wilderness to find what you have been searching for decades.. The Gem of Eternity awaits you..
Game theory is included in the JEL classification codes as JEL: C7: Game theory is 'the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent. The Games Economists Play - Implications of Economic Game Theory for the Study of Computer Games by Jonas Heide Smith. Abstract. It is a source of confusion that. Preface. This dictionary of video game theory is a companion to my book, Half-Real. With the dictionary, I hope to provide a resource for students, researchers. Game theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision- makers."[1] Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science, biology and Poker (Texas No Limit Hold'em).[2] Originally, it addressed zero- sum games, in which one person's gains result in losses for the other participants. Today, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, and computers. Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed- strategy equilibria in two- person zero- sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann's original proof used Brouwer fixed- point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by the 1. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, co- written with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision- making under uncertainty. This theory was developed extensively in the 1. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. With the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences going to game theorist Jean Tirole in 2. Nobel Prize. John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology. Representation of games[edit]The games studied in game theory are well- defined mathematical objects. To be fully defined, a game must specify the following elements: the players of the game, the information and actions available to each player at each decision point, and the payoffs for each outcome. Eric Rasmusen refers to these four "essential elements" by the acronym "PAPI".)[3] A game theorist typically uses these elements, along with a solution concept of their choosing, to deduce a set of equilibrium strategies for each player such that, when these strategies are employed, no player can profit by unilaterally deviating from their strategy. These equilibrium strategies determine an equilibrium to the game—a stable state in which either one outcome occurs or a set of outcomes occur with known probability. Most cooperative games are presented in the characteristic function form, while the extensive and the normal forms are used to define noncooperative games. Extensive form[edit]The extensive form can be used to formalize games with a time sequencing of moves. Games here are played on trees (as pictured here). Here each vertex (or node) represents a point of choice for a player. The player is specified by a number listed by the vertex. The lines out of the vertex represent a possible action for that player. The payoffs are specified at the bottom of the tree. The extensive form can be viewed as a multi- player generalization of a decision tree. The game pictured consists of two players. The way this particular game is structured (i. Player 1 "moves" first by choosing either F or U (letters are assigned arbitrarily for mathematical purposes). Next in the sequence, Player 2, who has now seen Player 1's move, chooses to play either A or R. Once Player 2 has made his/ her choice, the game is considered finished and each player gets their respective payoff. Suppose that Player 1 chooses U and then Player 2 chooses A: Player 1 then gets a payoff of "eight" (which in real- world terms can be interpreted in many ways, the simplest of which is in terms of money but could mean things such as eight days of vacation or eight countries conquered or even eight more opportunities to play the same game against other players) and Player 2 gets a payoff of "two". The extensive form can also capture simultaneous- move games and games with imperfect information. To represent it, either a dotted line connects different vertices to represent them as being part of the same information set (i. See example in the imperfect information section.)Normal form[edit]Player 2chooses Left. Player 2chooses Right. Player 1chooses Up. Player 1chooses Down. Normal form or payoff matrix of a 2- player, 2- strategy game. The normal (or strategic form) game is usually represented by a matrix which shows the players, strategies, and payoffs (see the example to the right). More generally it can be represented by any function that associates a payoff for each player with every possible combination of actions. In the accompanying example there are two players; one chooses the row and the other chooses the column. Each player has two strategies, which are specified by the number of rows and the number of columns. The payoffs are provided in the interior. The first number is the payoff received by the row player (Player 1 in our example); the second is the payoff for the column player (Player 2 in our example). Suppose that Player 1 plays Up and that Player 2 plays Left. Then Player 1 gets a payoff of 4, and Player 2 gets 3. When a game is presented in normal form, it is presumed that each player acts simultaneously or, at least, without knowing the actions of the other. If players have some information about the choices of other players, the game is usually presented in extensive form. Every extensive- form game has an equivalent normal- form game, however the transformation to normal form may result in an exponential blowup in the size of the representation, making it computationally impractical. Characteristic function form[edit]In games that possess removable utility, separate rewards are not given; rather, the characteristic function decides the payoff of each unity. The idea is that the unity that is 'empty', so to speak, does not receive a reward at all. The origin of this form is to be found in John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's book; when looking at these instances, they guessed that when a union appears, it works against the fraction as if two individuals were playing a normal game. The balanced payoff of C is a basic function. Although there are differing examples that help determine coalitional amounts from normal games, not all appear that in their function form can be derived from such. Formally, a characteristic function is seen as: (N,v), where N represents the group of people and is a normal utility. Such characteristic functions have expanded to describe games where there is no removable utility. General and applied uses[edit]As a method of applied mathematics, game theory has been used to study a wide variety of human and animal behaviors. It was initially developed in economics to understand a large collection of economic behaviors, including behaviors of firms, markets, and consumers. The first use of game- theoretic analysis was by Antoine Augustin Cournot in 1. Cournot duopoly. The use of game theory in the social sciences has expanded, and game theory has been applied to political, sociological, and psychological behaviors as well. Although pre- twentieth century naturalists such as Charles Darwin made game- theoretic kinds of statements, the use of game- theoretic analysis in biology began with Ronald Fisher's studies of animal behavior during the 1. This work predates the name "game theory", but it shares many important features with this field. The developments in economics were later applied to biology largely by John Maynard Smith in his book Evolution and the Theory of Games.[citation needed]In addition to being used to describe, predict, and explain behavior, game theory has also been used to develop theories of ethical or normative behavior and to prescribe such behavior.[6] In economics and philosophy, scholars have applied game theory to help in the understanding of good or proper behavior. Game- theoretic arguments of this type can be found as far back as Plato.[7]Description and modeling[edit]The primary use of game theory is to describe and model how human populations behave. Some[who?] scholars believe that by finding the equilibria of games they can predict how actual human populations will behave when confronted with situations analogous to the game being studied. This particular view of game theory has been criticized. First, it argued that the assumptions made by game theorists are often violated when applied to real world situations. Game theorists usually assume players act rationally, but in practice, human behavior often deviates from this model. Game theorists respond by comparing their assumptions to those used in physics. Thus while their assumptions do not always hold, they can treat game theory as a reasonable scientific ideal akin to the models used by physicists. However, empirical work has shown that in some classic games, such as the centipede game, guess 2/3 of the average game, and the dictator game, people regularly do not play Nash equilibria. There is an ongoing debate regarding the importance of these experiments and whether the analysis of the experiments fully captures all aspects of the relevant situation.[8]Some game theorists, following the work of John Maynard Smith and George R. Price, have turned to evolutionary game theory in order to resolve these issues. These models presume either no rationality or bounded rationality on the part of players. Despite the name, evolutionary game theory does not necessarily presume natural selection in the biological sense. Evolutionary game theory includes both biological as well as cultural evolution and also models of individual learning (for example, fictitious play dynamics). Prescriptive or normative analysis[edit]Cooperate. Defect. Cooperate- 1, - 1- 1. Defect. 0, - 1. 0- 5, - 5. The Prisoner's Dilemma. A Dictionary of Video Game Theory. Preface. This dictionary of video game theory is a companion to my book, Half- Real. With the dictionary, I hope to provide a resource for students, researchers, teachers, and game players looking for terminological clarifications and pointers to further reading. A list of works cited can be found at the bottom of the page. The dictionary is not intended to be encyclopedic, but takes its starting point from the issues discussed in the book. The sign indicates an issue that is elaborated in Half- Real. If there is any term that you would like to see listed in the dictionary, please send me a. Jesper Juul, Copenhagen, November 2. Abstract game. An abstract game has rules, but no fictional world. Many traditional non- electronic games are abstract, but very few video games are abstract. Half- Real, chapter 4. Aesthetic index"The aesthetic index of a puzzle, as it may be called, seems to be inversely proportional to the complexity of its solution or to the obviousness of the pattern, trap, or trick it hides." (Danesi 2. The aesthetic index primarily describes the enjoyment of a puzzle. Emergence can be seen as providing experiences that are similar to the ones a designed puzzle can give. Half- Real, chapter 3. Aesthetic goal In game design, the method of designing a game with a specific player experience in mind. Hunicke, Le. Blanc, Zubek 2. See fun. Affinity between games and computers. Games and computers have historically demonstrated an affinity, whereby traditional games have found a new home on computers, and where the computer allows new game forms to appear. See transmediality. Half- Real, chapter 2. Agon. In Caillois' classification of games, agon describes games of contest (Caillois 1. Alea. In Caillois' classification of games, alea refers to games of chance (Caillois 1. Ant farming"‘Ant- farming’ is when you design with a gods- eye view in mind - it’s when you throw around concepts which are ‘interesting’ or ‘provide fascinating social dynamics’ or ‘would really feel like a virtual world’ - but fail the basic ‘fun’ test. This is when the designers are designing a game that’s more fun to observe than to actually live in." (Schubert 2. See fun. Attachment. The player's experience of emotional attachment to the outcome of a game. Attachment is the prerequisite for the joy of winning and the sadness of losing. Half- Real, chapter 2. Back story. Story or fiction that provides a background for a game, rather than being part of the gameplay. Balancing. In game design, the tweaking of different units, actions, and properties so that they match, as to provide a game with no dominant strategies, insuring interesting choices. See Rouse 2. 00. 1 chapter 2. Rollings & Adams 2. Caillois' classification. Caillois (1. 96. 1) posits four categories of games: Agon (contest), alea (chance), ilinx (vertigo), and mimicry (make- believe). Additionally, Caillois describes games as being placed on a scale from ludus (rule- based) to paidea (free- form). It is unclear to what extent Caillois' categories ultimately include or exclude each other, and some of the general claims made about their possible combination are at odds with most contemporary games: Caillois claims that ".. Rather, they are ruled or make- believe." (1. This claim is contradicted by most commercial board games, almost all video games, and generally all rule- based games that include a fictional element. Half- Real, chapter 1. Cheating. Cheating can be described as willfully breaking the rules of a game. See exploit. Chunking. When players learn or improve their playing a game by learning not to process the individual pieces or states of the game, but rather thinking in terms of high- level chunks (collections of pieces and states) instead. Newell & Rosenbloom 1. The master [of chess] has acquired an immense memory for chess positions, organized as a collection of chunks. His ability for immediate perception and sort- term memory of chess positions depends directly on how many chunks are used to encode a position. By implication, master players must spend an immense amount of time with the game, in order to acquire the large number of chunks; this seems to be well supported by historical data." (Newell & Rosenbloom 1. See learning, repertoire, information reduction. Half- Real, chapter 3. Cinematics. See cut- scene. Computer game. Game played using computer power. Some times used to mean games played on a personal computer as opposed to on consoles. See video game. Console. Dedicated device for playing video games, a console is generally connected to a television. Cut- scene. Cinematic, non- interactive part of a game, conveying the game's backstory or fiction. In a cut- scene, the game's play time is disconnected from its fictional time. Half- Real, chapter 3.) Cut- scenes are controversial in that they are non- playable parts of a game, but they have also been defended for providing context for the playing of the game (Klevjer 2. Dominant strategy. Strategy that is always better than all other strategies. Dominant strategies are generally considered flaws in a game design. See balancing, degenerate strategy. Degenerate strategy. According to Salen & Zimmerman (2. A degenerate strategy is a way of playing a game that takes advantage of a weakness in the game design, so that the play strategy guarantees success." See balancing, dominant strategy, game design. Dynamics. The actual behavior of a game, resulting from its basic rules. See mechanics, emergence, gameplay. Hunicke, Le. Blanc, Zubek 2. Economy. In an examination of the real and virtual economy of Ever. Quest, Castronova (2. The nominal hourly wage is about USD 3. GNP per capita somewhere between that of Russia and Bulgaria. A unit of Norrath's currency is traded on exchange markets at USD 0. Yen and the Lira." Emergence. Game type where variation appears by the interaction between elements in the game. Emergence games often surprise players and even the designers of the game. The opposite of progression games (Half- Real, chapter 3). See emergent gameplay. Emergent gameplay. Commonly used to mean gameplay that was not anticipated by the game designer, though this is a problematic definition. Smith (2. 00. 1) describes emergent gameplay as the "future of game design" and advocates game design that allows the player to solve tasks in unique, personal ways. Emergent gameplay can be described as either an aspect of the game itself, a subjective experience of the player, or an interaction between the player and the game. Half- Real, chapter 3.) Effort. When playing a game that is not purely random, a player exerts effort in order to influence the outcome of the game. Half- Real, chapter 2. Event time. See fictional time. Exploit. Mostly used about multi- player games, an exploit can be defined as a case where a player knowingly uses a flaw in a game to gain an unfair advantage. In many concrete cases, it can be difficult to distinguish between cheats, exploits, and players who optimize their strategies for playing. Fiction. Any kind of imagined world. Most video games invite the player to imagine some kind of fictional world in which the game takes place. Note that a fiction does not need to be a story, and that video games are generally fictions, but not stories. Half- Real, chapter 4). See Pavel 1. 98. 6, Ryan 1. See narrative, fictional world. Fictional time. The time passing in the fictional world of a game during game play, a projection of the real play time. Half- Real, chapter 4. Fictional world. An imagined world. The term is derived from the concept of possible worlds. Pavel 1. 98. 6, 5. A game cues a player into imagining a fictional world by many different means, such as text, spoken words, paintings, imagination, and game rules. Half- Real, chapter 4.) Strictly speaking, all fictional worlds are incomplete: many aspects of the world are not described and left to the user's imagination. See Pavel 1. 98. 6, Ryan 1. Half- Real, chapter 4. Flow. The concept of flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1. Flow has seven traits: A challenging Activity That Requires Skills The Merging of Action and Awareness Clear Goals and Feedback Concentration on the Task at Hand The Paradox of Control The loss of Self- Consciousness. The Transformation of Time. FPSAcronym for First Person Shooter. General term for 3. D action games seen from a first person perspective, usually involving firearms. Fun. While fun is an elusive concept, the most popular school of thought claims that video game fun comes primarily from the enjoyment of problem solving. Sid Meier claims that "A [good] game is a series of interesting choices" (Rollings & Morris 2. Koster (2. 00. 5) claims that fun arises from trying to understand the pattern of a game. The idea of fun as a result of problem solving is also present in the concepts of interesting choices and aesthetic index. A second school of thought describes video games as a combination of a number of different types of fun, where different games emphasize different types of fun. Hunicke, Le. Blanc, and Zubek (2. Sensation, Fantasy, Narrative, Challenge, Fellowship, Discovery, Expression, and Submission. Garneau (2. 00. 1) list 1. Beauty, Immersion, Intellectual Problem Solving, Competition, Social Interaction, Comedy, Thrill of Danger, Physical Activity, Love, Creation, Power, Discovery, Advancement and Completion, Application of an Ability. Concerning game design, Shelley (2. The Player Should Have the Fun, Not the Designer, Programmer, or Computer". See ant farming, aesthetic goal. Game. It has been said that what we call games have nothing in common (Wittgenstein 1. Neumann and Morgenstern (1. Huizinga (1. 95. 0, 1. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. Tech News, Reviews, Latest Gadgets & Technology News including Mobile, Tablet, Laptop, Gaming, Tech, Photos, Videos at NDTV Gadgets360.com. Get the latest Tech News.Technology | Tech News & Latest New Technology. THIS internet- savvy fridge featuring a 2. HD touchscreen could change our lives forever, as it monitors what we eat, so we can order more. Get video game news, game release dates and expert reviews for top games & consoles. XBOX One, PS4, PC, Wii-U, Xbox 360, PS3, Wii, 3DS, PS Vita & iPhone. VB game programming site with developer news, tutorials, files, game reviews, articles, a message board, the 'Big Huge Games List'. Gaming Figures is a leading UK stockist of Games Workshop, Warlord Games, Plastic Soldier Company and KR Cases. We stock a wide range of box sets and blisters, and. The latest gaming news, reviews, previews, features and guides from Digital Spy. 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From fashion to fan styles, Lids.com has you covered. Receive free shipping on $50 orders! Welcome to the site of the Texas Rangers. Find news, videos, schedules, team roster, and fan forums. NFL on Thanksgiving Day - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The NFL Thanksgiving logo used for 2. NFL shield being used for the first time in 2. The National Football League (NFL) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. It has been a regular occurrence since the league's inception in 1. Currently, three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving. The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys; a third game, with no fixed opponents, has been played annually since 2. History[edit]The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1. In that year, the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day.[1] The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games, holding 1. The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1. The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football."[7] In some areas, high- school teams play on Thanksgiving, usually to wrap- up the regular- season. By the time football had become a professional event, playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution. Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1. Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1. 90. 2, the "National" Football League, a Major League Baseball- backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL, attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend; after the game ended in a tie, eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title. Members of the Ohio League, during its early years, usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day. For instance, in 1. Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs, considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football (along with the Massillon Tigers), played on Thanksgiving. A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1. Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations. During the 1. 91. Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable. This was not the case in other regional circuits: in 1. New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons. The game ended in a scoreless tie, leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship. The MMQB asked readers to send us stories of how football has shaped their Thanksgiving traditions. We received many great submissions and wish we could. The National Football League (NFL) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. The Very First Thanksgiving Day [Rhonda Gowler Greene, Susan Gaber] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. From the same team that brought you The Day. 'Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 2' is still tops at the Thanksgiving box office, but 'Creed' is rising. Albuquerque News and Weather, Santa Fe, Rio Rancho, New Mexico | krqe.com.The first owner of the Lions, G. A. Richards, started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games, and to continue a tradition begun by the city's previous NFL teams.[8]Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in first eighteen years of the league, including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals (1. Bears played the Lions from 1. Stadium Access. To gain access to the stadium on game days, students will need to bring their Student ID. All students and student guests must enter through one of. Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is an important public holiday, celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in the United States. It originated as a harvest festival. Around the Web. Thanksgiving Ecards, Free thanksgiving Cards, Funny thanksgiving. Funny Thanksgiving Cards, Funny Thanksgiving Card Templates. Date: Thursday, November 26, 2015. Parade Theme: Extraordinary Inventions. Grand Marshal: TBA. Review Stands: Tickets will be available at a later date at the Sun. Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1. Frankford Yellow Jackets, Pottsville Maroons, Buffalo All- Americans, Canton Bulldogs (even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1. Thanksgiving game in Canton), and the New York Giants (1. During the Franksgiving controversy in 1. Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles, as both teams were in the same state (Pennsylvania). At the time, then- president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not. This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games. Incidentally, the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time.[9]) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons, the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1. When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1. Lions would have a permanent Thanksgiving game. In 1. 95. 1, the Packers began a thirteen- season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1. In 1. 96. 6, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty).[1. Incidentally, Texas was the last state to recognize the "fourth Thursday" rule for Thanksgiving that had been imposed as a result of the Franksgiving compromise two decades prior, and had just adopted the rule (as opposed to the previous last- Thursday rule) in 1. Dallas started hosting Thanksgiving games. The fourth and final Thursdays were the same between 1. Texas had celebrated Thanksgiving on the week after the rest of the country was 1. In 1. 97. 5 and 1. St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1. 97. 6). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the "Cardiac Cards" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance and opposition from the Kirkwood–Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1. The All- America Football Conference and American Football League, both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL, also held Thanksgiving contests, although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts. Likewise, the AFL of 1. Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence, while the AFL of 1. Cleveland Rams, a future NFL team, and the 1. American Football League played two games in 1. Franksgiving" date. Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis- hosted games in 1. Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1. AFL- NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas. Because of TV network commitments, to make sure that both the AFC- carrying network (NBC from the 1. CBS since 1. 99. 8) and the NFC- carrying network (CBS from the 1. Fox since 1. 99. 4) got at least one game each, one of these games was between NFC opponents, and one featured AFC- NFC opponents. Thus, the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving, and the AFC team was always the visiting team. Since 2. 00. 6, a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night. It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2. NBC began carrying the night game in 2. The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences, enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match- up to feature on that night. The 2. 01. 2 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games (one would be played at night), and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams. In 2. 01. 4, the NFL added the cross- flex rule, allowing CBS to televise NFC away games, and Fox to broadcast AFC away games, under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons; [1. Thanksgiving contests.[1. CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football for the 2. Thursdays; [1. 4] those years, the Thanksgiving contests all featured NFC teams, with no AFC teams playing on the holiday either year. Throwback uniforms[edit]Since 2. Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions. In some years (namely 2. In 2. 00. 1–2. 00. Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years. From 2. 00. 1 to 2. Dallas chose to represent the 1. Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy "Double- Star" jersey not seen since 1. In 2. 00. 4, the team wore uniforms not seen since 1. In 2. 00. 9, to celebrate the 5. AFL, both Dallas and Oakland played in a "AFL Legacy Game." In 2. Cowboys intended to wear their 1. NFL adopted a rule banning alternate helmets during the season; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look, the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1. In 2. 01. 5, the Cowboys will wear white Double- Star throwback jerseys with white pants as part of the league's "Color Rush," a trial run of specially- designed, monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games.[1. Memorable games[edit]1. An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel, in Chicago, in the league's inaugural season, with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season, purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1. The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members; nevertheless, the Tigers, after a 2. Thorn Tornadoes the next week, never played football again. The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season, later renaming themselves the Bears. In a matchup of two of the league's best teams, the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All- Americans at home. The Staleys demand a rematch, with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off- the- record exhibition game. That later match, which Chicago won, ended up counting despite the All- Americans' insistence, controversially handing Chicago the championship. The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest. Their opponent for that game, the Chicago Bears, underestimated the then- winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game; the Texans scored a 2. Bears for their only win of their existence. The Lions handed the 1. Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season. The 1. 96. 4 and 1. AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers, the two teams that would eventually meet in those years' American Football League Championship Games. Thanksgiving (United States) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is an important public holiday, celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in the United States. It originated as a harvest festival. Thanksgiving has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1. George Washington.[1] It has been celebrated as a federal holiday every year since 1. American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a national day of "Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens," to be celebrated on the last Thursday in November.[2] Together with Christmas and the New Year, Thanksgiving is a part of the broader holiday season. The event that Americans commonly call the "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in 1. This feast lasted three days, and — as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow[4] — it was attended by 9. Native Americans and 5. Pilgrims.[5] The New England colonists were accustomed to regularly celebrating "thanksgivings"—days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of a drought.[6]History[edit]Harvest festival observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth[edit]Americans commonly trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1. Plymouth Plantation, where the settlers held a harvest feast after a successful growing season. Autumn or early winter feasts continued sporadically in later years, first as an impromptu religious observance, and later as a civil tradition. Squanto, a Patuxet Native American who resided with the Wampanoag tribe, taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn and served as an interpreter for them. Squanto had learned the English language during his enslavement in England. The Wampanoag leader Massasoit had given food to the colonists during the first winter when supplies brought from England were insufficient. The Pilgrims celebrated at Plymouth for three days after their first harvest in 1. The exact time is unknown, but James Baker, then Plimoth Plantation vice president of research, stated in 1. The event occurred between Sept. Nov. 1. 1, 1. 62. Michaelmas (Sept. Seventeenth- century accounts do not identify this as a thanksgiving observance, rather it followed the harvest. It included 5. 0 persons who were on the Mayflower (all who remained of the 1. Native Americans.[8] The feast was cooked by the four adult Pilgrim women who survived their first winter in the New World (Eleanor Billington, Elizabeth Hopkins, Mary Brewster, and Susanna (White) Winslow), along with young daughters and male and female servants.[8][9]Two colonists gave personal accounts of the 1. Plymouth. The Pilgrims, most of whom were Separatists (English Dissenters), are not to be confused with Puritans, who established their own Massachusetts Bay Colony on the Shawmut Peninsula (current day Boston) in 1. Both groups were strict Calvinists, but differed in their views regarding the Church of England. Puritans wished to remain in the Anglican Church and reform it, while the Pilgrims wanted complete separation from the church. William Bradford, in Of Plymouth Plantation wrote: They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want; and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, of which this place did abound when they came first (but afterward decreased by degrees). And besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, Indian corn to the proportion. Which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports. Edward Winslow, in Mourt's Relation wrote: Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruits of our labor. They four in one day killed as much fowl as, with a little help beside, served the company almost a week. At which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which we brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.[1. The Pilgrims held a true thanksgiving celebration in 1. William De. Loss Love calculates that this thanksgiving was made on Wednesday, July 3. In Love's opinion this 1. Governor Bradford), and not from the church, making it likely the first civil recognition of Thanksgiving in New England.[1. Referring to the 1. Bradford wrote: And afterwards the Lord sent them such seasonable showers, with interchange of fair warm weather as, through His blessing, caused a fruitful and liberal harvest, to their no small comfort and rejoicing. For which mercy, in time convenient, they also set apart a day of thanksgiving… By this time harvest was come, and instead of famine now God gave them plenty … for which they blessed God. And the effect of their particular planting was well seen, for all had … pretty well … so as any general want or famine had not been amongst them since to this day.[2. These first hand accounts do not appear to have contributed to the early development of the holiday. Bradford's "Of Plymouth Plantation" was not published until the 1. While the booklet "Mourt's Relation" was summarized by other publications without the now familiar thanksgiving story. By the eighteenth century the original booklet appeared to be lost or forgotten. A copy was rediscovered in Philadelphia in 1. In a footnote the editor, Alexander Young, was the first person to identify the 1. Thanksgiving.[2. 1]Other colonies[edit]Thanksgiving was celebrated in the Massachusetts Bay Colony for the first time in 1. Thanksgiving was celebrated in the Connecticut Colony as early as 1. The colonists of New Netherland appointed a day for giving thanks in 1. In the 1. 8th century, individual colonies would periodically designate a day of thanksgiving at different times of the year in honor of a military victory, an adoption of a state constitution or an exceptionally bountiful crop.[citation needed]Other first observances[edit]Setting aside time to give thanks for one's blessings is a practice that long predates the European settlement of North America. According to historian James Baker, debates over where any "first Thanksgiving" took place on modern American territory are a "tempest in a beanpot".[2. Local boosters in Virginia, Florida, and Texas promote their own colonists, who (like many people getting off a boat) gave thanks for setting foot again on dry land. The first documented thanksgiving services in territory currently belonging to the United States were conducted by Spaniards[2. French[2. 4] in the 1. Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1. Jamestown, Virginia holding a thanksgiving in 1. In 1. 61. 9, 3. 8 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred. The group's charter required "that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned for plantacon in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God."[2. Three years later, after the Indian massacre of 1. Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations were abandoned. According to Baker, "the American holiday's true origin was the New England Calvinist Thanksgiving. Never coupled with a Sabbath meeting, the Puritan observances were special days set aside during the week for thanksgiving and praise in response to God's providence."[2. The Revolutionary War to nationhood[edit]During the American Revolutionary War the Continental Congress appointed one or more thanksgiving days each year, each time recommending to the executives of the various states the observance of these days in their states. The First National Proclamation of Thanksgiving was given by the Continental Congress in 1. York, Pennsylvania, while the British occupied the national capital at Philadelphia. Delegate Samuel Adams created the first draft. |
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